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From the Editors of E/The Environmental Magazine
Can Smart Growth Knock Out Creeping Sprawl?
What is sprawl and how do we keep it in check for the sake of the environment?
PennsylvaniaSprawl is the tendency of cities to expand into outlying agricultural and rural lands, creating developed suburbs where there was once open space. The negative effects of sprawl include the loss of parks and farmland, clogged highways and urban decay as people abandon metropolitan centers. It is usually driven by human population increases and — ironically — people’s desire to escape the concrete jungle to quieter and more natural surroundings.
Sprawl in fact destroys more than two million acres of parks, farms and other open space each year in the U.S. alone, according to Tim Frank of the Sierra Club. Further, by spreading development out over large amounts of land, sprawl puts longer distances between homes, stores and job centers, making people more and more dependent upon driving. This reliance on driving leads to more roads and highways, which in turn churn up natural landscapes and bring increased smog and pollution.
Staving off sprawl is a complex and often contentious endeavor, with real estate developers pitted squarely against preservationists. The good news is that an association of organizations called the Smart Growth Network is working to promote development that boosts the economy while still protecting the environment and enhancing community vitality.
The Smart Growth Network was formed in 1996 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in partnership with several other government agencies and non-profit organizations, including the Sierra Club. Promoting public transportation, keeping farms economically viable, preserving open space and restoring urban centers are key elements of the fight against the negative impacts of sprawl. “What we are doing is carrying out activities to educate people about the consequences of sprawl and help them realize that steps can be taken to create smart growth,” says Frank.
Even the National Aeronautics and Space Administration is lending a hand. The agency’s NAUTILUS project provides city planners with satellite data to help with decision-making on zoning and development. In test regions throughout the northeastern U.S., city planners are working with NASA on developing growth projections based on satellite maps and historical growth trends.
Whether these efforts are any match for America’s frontier ethic is yet to be seen. And with many less developed nations building up their industrial infrastructures, on a global scale the sprawl problem is likely to get worse before it gets better.
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